xPharm is designed to exploit the advantages provided by online publishing in allowing a user to customize information retrieval by quickly identifying and linking data from a large reference work. In addition, electronic publishing permits timely updates, which are not possible with printed material. xPharm is unique in that it was constructed from the beginning as an online reference work, rather than trying to adapt a print product to an online venue.The idea for four databases was driven by the fact that Agents, including drugs, which are the core of pharmacology, act at molecular Targets to treat Disorders. The Principles database is included as a repository of information fundamental to the discipline but generally independent of the chemical entity, site of action, or clinical use. Each xPharm record is composed and reviewed by experts and the information placed within a highly structured format consistent within each database. xPharm is rich in the numerical data used to define pharmacological relationships, with each fact referenced so that more detailed information can be obtained if necessary. All narratives are hyperlinked to related records across databases to facilitate navigation within a subject area. The records are organized in a hierarchical manner to facilitate browsing at increasing levels of specialization depending upon the needs and the background of the user. For example, one could begin with 7 Transmembrane Receptors, then advance to Adrenoceptors, and on to Beta Adrenoceptors and finally to Beta-2 Adrenoceptors. Alternatively, the user can easily navigate from record to record with a click of the mouse. Starting in the Principles record, Intrinsic Regulation of the Vasculature, one might go to the Essential Hypertension record, then to Altenolol and finally to the Beta-1 Adrenoceptor record. xPharm also contains external links to related databases providing a seamless network of pharmacological information including access to full text articles, protein and gene sequences, suppliers, and other related web sites, including those of funding agencies.
xPharm is designed for the bench scientist working in academic, industrial or government laboratories, although students also find it very useful.While clinical information is provided in some records, the work is not intended as a primary source for clinicians and should not be used in this way. Rather, clinical data, such as doses, dosage forms, side effects, and potential drug interactions, are included as background information for those attempting to design or develop new medications, or who are conducting research aimed at defining the molecular mechanisms responsible for certain clinical responses. With regard to targets, emphasis is placed on those proteins known to have pharmacological relevance. Likewise, although information on drug toxicities is included, xPharm is not intended to be a comprehensive toxicology reference.
Currently, xPharm consists of approximately 4000 individual records prepared by nearly 600 authors. If printed it would total over 20,000 pages, making it the world’s largest medical reference work. Additional records are added, and records revised, biannually. Each new record is reviewed by authorities on the topic before it is published, and is revised and updated as necessary.
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