Pharmacy E-books » Organic Chemistry

Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry, 2nd Edition

Madjackfrost — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 10:27:01 +0000

Enzyme catalysis is a topic of fundamental importance in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. This new edition of a very popular textbook provides a concise introduction to the underlying principles and mechanisms of enzyme and coenzyme action from a chemical perspective.

Whilst retaining the overall structure of the first edition – preliminary chapters describe the basic principles of enzyme structure and catalysis moving through to detailed discussions of the major classes of enzyme processes in the later chapters – the book has been thoroughly updated to include information on the most recent advances in our understanding of enzyme action. A major feature of the second edition is the inclusion of two-colour figures of the active sites of enzymes discussed in the text, in order to illustrate the interplay between enzyme structure and function. Problems, with outline answers, at the end of each chapter give the student the chance to the check their understanding of the material.

As a concise but comprehensive account, Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry will continue to prove invaluable to both undergraduate and postgraduate students of organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry.

Tim Bugg is professor of biological chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, UK.

ISBN: 978-1-4051-1452-3

Paperback

304 pages

September 2004, Wiley-Blackwell

Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism, Part F: Detection and Characterization of Enzyme Reaction Intermediates

Madjackfrost — Tue, 16 Feb 2010 18:14:00 +0000

The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. Now with more than 300 volumes (all of them still in print), the series contains much material still relevant today—truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences.

Key Features
* Spectroscopic Detection of Reaction Intermediates
* Isotopic and Kenetic Detection of Reaction Intermediates
* Chemical Trapping and Inhibitor Methods for Detecting Reaction Intermediate

Proteins Structure and Function

Madjackfrost — Sat, 10 Oct 2009 07:55:00 +0000

The present text should be suitable for all introductory modes of biochemistry, molecular biology, chemistry, medicine and dentistry. This generally means the book is suitable for all undergraduates between years 1 and 3 and this book has stemmed from lectures given as parts of biochemistry courses to students of biochemistry, chemistry, medicine and dentistry in all 3 years.

Where possible each chapter is structured to increase progressively in complexity. For purely introductory courses as would occur in years 1 or 2 it is sufficient to read only the first parts, or selected sections, of each chapter. More advanced courses may require thorough reading of each chapter together with consultation of the bibliography and secondly the list of references given at the end of the book.

Overview of book chapters:

This book will address the structure and function of proteins in 12 subsequent chapters each with a definitive theme. After an initial chapter describing why one would wish to study proteins and a brief historical background the second chapter deals with the ‘building blocks’ of proteins, namely the amino acids together with their respective chemical and physical properties. No attempt is made at any point to describe the metabolism connected with these amino acids and the reader should consult general textbooks for descriptions of the synthesis and degradation of amino acids. Chapter 3 covers the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains and levels of organizational structure found within proteins. Almost all detailed knowledge of protein structure and function has arisen through studies of globular proteins but the presence of fibrous proteins with different structures and functional properties necessitated a separate chapter devoted to this area (Chapter 4). Within this class the best understood structures are those belonging to the collagen class of proteins, the keratins and the extended ? sheet structures such as silk fibroin. The division between globular proteins and fibrous proteins was made at a time when the only properties one could compare readily were a protein’s amino acid composition and hydrodynamic radius. It is now apparent that other proteins exist with properties intermediate between globular and fibrous proteins that do not lend themselves to simple classification. However, the ‘old’ schemes of identification retain their value and serve to emphasize differences in proteins.

Membrane proteins represent a third group with different composition and properties. Most of these proteins are poorly understood, but there have been spectacular successes from the initial low-resolution structure of bacteriorhodopsin to the highly defined structure of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres. These advances paved the way towards structural studies of G proteins and G-protein coupled receptors, the respiratory complexes from aerobic bacteria and the structure of ATP synthetases.

Chapter 6 focuses both on experimental and computational methods of comparing proteins where in silico methods have become increasingly important as a vital tool to assist with modern protein biochemistry. Chapter 7 focuses on enzymes and by discussing basic reaction rate theories and kinetics the chapter leads to a discussion of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Enzymes catalyse reactions through a variety of mechanisms including acid–base catalysis, nucleophilic driven chemistry and transition state stabilization. These and other mechanisms are described along with the principles of regulation, active site chemistry and binding.

The involvement of proteins in the cell cycle, transcription, translation, sorting and degradation of proteins is described in Chapter 8. In 50 years we have progressed from elucidating the structure of DNA to uncovering how this information is converted into proteins. The chapter is based around the structure of two macromolecular systems: the ribosome devoted towards accurate and efficient synthesis and the proteasome designed to catalyse specific proteolysis. Chapter 9 deals with the methods of protein purification. Very often, biochemistry textbooks describe techniques without placing the technique in the correct context. As a result, in Chapter 9 author have attempted to describe equipment as well as techniques so that students may obtain a proper impression of this area.

Structural methods determine the topology or fold of proteins. With an elucidation of structure at atomic levels of resolution comes an understanding of biological function. Chapter 10 addresses this area by describing different techniques. X-ray crystallography remains at the forefront of research with new variations of the basic principle allowing faster determination of structure at improved resolution. NMR methods yield structures of comparable resolution to crystallography for small soluble proteins. In ideal situations these methods provide complete structural determination of all heavy atoms but they are complemented by other spectroscopic methods such as absorbance and fluorescence methods, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. These techniques provide important ancillary information on tertiary structure such as the helical content of the protein, the proportion and environment of aromatic residues within a protein as well as secondary structure content.

Chapter 11 describes protein folding and stability – a subject that has generated intense research interest with the recognition that disease states arise from aberrant folding or stability. The mechanism of protein folding is illustrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Whilst the broad concepts underlying protein folding were deduced from studies of ‘model’ proteins such as ribonuclease, analysis of cell folding pathways has highlighted specialised proteins, chaperones, with a critical function to the overall process. The GroES–GroEL complex is discussed to highlight the integrated process of synthesis and folding in vivo.

The final chapter builds on the preceding 11 chapters using a restricted set of well-studied proteins (case studies) with significant impact on molecular medicine. These proteins include haemoglobin, viral proteins, p53, prions and ?1-antitrypsin. Although still a young subject area this branch of protein science will expand in the next few years and will rely on the techniques, knowledge and principles elucidated in Chapters 1–11. The examples emphasize the impact of protein science and molecular medicine on the quality of human life.

Addition material

Protein Visualization Sources

Comprehensive Co-ordination Chemistry II : From Biology to Nanotechnology, Vol 1 & 2.

Madjackfrost — Tue, 29 Sep 2009 16:48:00 +0000

In these first two volumes of Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II authors have endeavored to lay down the fundamentals of coordination chemistry as it is understood in the early part of the twenty-first century. They have provided all the necessary fundamental background information needed to prosecute coordination chemistry in the physical and theoretical laboratory and to appreciate fully the information provided in the remaining volumes of this treatise. These volumes contain 112 contributions from some 130 outstanding, internationally known, contributors. They are subdivided into nine major sections whose content is described briefly below. The contributors were asked to emphasize developments in the field achieved since 1980 and since the publication of CCC (1987).

1. LIGANDS – a survey of the syntheses, characterization, and properties of many of the more commonly employed ligands.

2. SYNTHESIS, PURI FICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS – including a detailed survey of aqua metal ions, the use of solvents, chromatographic methods, and crystal growth techniques.

3. REACTIONS OF COORDINATED LIGANDS – dealing with the chemistry of molecules such as oxygen, nitr ic and nitrous oxide, carbondioxide, oximes, and nitriles

4 STEREOCHEMISTRY, STRUCTURE, AND CRYSTAL ENGINEERING – structure and stereochemistry involving lone pair effects, outer sphere interactions, and hydrogen bonding.

5 NEW SYNTHETIC METHODS – nine contributions dealing with a wide range of newer methodologies from biphasic synthesis to sol–gel to genetic engineering.

6. PHYSICAL METHODS – a very extensive chapter incorporating 34 contributions detailing the enormous breadth of modern physical methods.

7. THEORETICAL MODELS,COMPUTAT IONAL METHODS,AND SIMULATION – 17 contributions illustrating the wealth of information that can be extracted from a range of computational methods from semi-empirical to ab initio,and from ligand field theory to metal–metal exchange coupling to topology,etc.

8. SOFTWARE – a brief glimpse of some of the packages which are currently available.

9. CASE STUDIES – putting it all together – eight studies which reveal how the many physical and theoretical techniques presented earlier in the volume can be used to solve specific problems.

It is obvious that the creation of these volumes has been an exciting, challenging, time-consuming, and all absorbing experience. The Editor hopes that it will also be a rewarding experience to the readership.

Comprehensive Co-ordinate Chemistry 2 Review

Madjackfrost — Mon, 28 Sep 2009 20:47:00 +0000

My next couples of posts are about reviews of Comprehensive Co-ordination Chemistry II, which means different volumes of CCC2 present in the market. In this post I am going give you a brief introduction of CCC2 and its evolution and also about its 10 volumes. Please be patient and read through the entire post. Well here it goes…

Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry (CCC), published in 1987, was intended to give a contemporary overview of the field. The goal was to provide both a convenient first source of information and a stimulus for further advances in the field. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II (CCC2) had adopted the same general approach. Developments in coordination chemistry since 1982 are surveyed in an authoritative and critical manner taking into account important new trends in biology, materials science, and other areas.

Before proceeding any further, it is necessary to define what includes as ‘‘coordination’’ chemistry to set the terms of reference for what follows. For CCC (1987) this was taken to include the synthesis and properties of the products of association of Brønsted bases with a Lewis acid. This definition excluded most organometallic compounds. This definition is still useful, the arbitrary limitation being retained that any coordination compound in which the number of metal–carbon bonds is at least half the coordination number of the metal is deemed to be ‘‘organometallic’’ and nominally outside the scope of coverage. This includes nn-hydrocarbon ligands but exceptions have been made for complexes containing CO, CNR, NO, and related pi-acid ligands.

The emergence of supramolecular chemistry in the early 1980s led to Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, published in 1997, which contains much of interest to coordination chemists. Coverage of this area in CCC2 is restricted to developments since 1990. The growth in both bioinorganic and materials chemistry since 1980 has been remarkable. Coordination chemistry has played a key role in their development. They appear prominently in CCC2 where we have attempted to highlight important developments and document fundamental advances.

CCCII comprises ten volumes, of which the last contains only subject indexes. The first two volumes describe the development of new ligands since the 1980s, which complements Volume 2 in CCC. They also include new techniques of synthesis and characterization, with a special emphasis on the burgeoning physical techniques which are increasingly applied to the study of coordination compounds. Developments in theory, computation methods, simulation, and useful software are reported. The volumes conclude with a series of case studies, which illustrate how synthesis, spectroscopy, and other physical techniques have been successfully applied in unraveling some significant problems in coordination chemistry.

Volumes 3–6 describe developments in the coordination chemistry of the metallic elements since 1982 (s, p, and f-block metals, transition metals of Groups 3–6; 7–8; 9–12). These volumes correspond to Volumes 3, 4, and 5 in CCC. A review of technetium coordination chemistry was unavailable when CCC was published, and a complete account of its development from the earliest discoveries to present-day applications is incorporated in the new work. In these volumes space limitations restrict the material that can be presented. The information that appears has been selected to give a near comprehensive coverage of new discoveries, new interpretations of experiment and theory, and applications, where relevant.

The style of reporting follows that used in CCC (1987). In the element chapters, discussion of element properties of bioinorganic and industrial relevance is deliberately limited in scope. These issues are addressed separately in subsequent volumes and are extensively cross-referenced.

In the nanoscale regime (1–100 nm) materials exhibit size-sensitive properties and offer significant prospects for achieving molecular-level control of catalysis, sensors, molecular circuitry, and other applications. This prospect has led to a surge of interest and increasing research in nanoscience and nanotechnology. These are areas in which coordination chemistry plays a substantial role. By keeping this in mind, the synthesis, structure, and physical properties of coordination-complex-based super- and supramolecules, clusters, and nano-particles are presented in depth in Volume 7. This volume describes species ranging from ‘‘traditional’’ monomeric complexes to ligand-stabilized multimetallic assemblies, metal or semiconductor nanoparticles, dendrimers, other polymer-based assemblies, and mesogenic materials. It also reports on the electron transfer, photochemical and photophysical, optical, and magnetic characteristics of these sometimesremarkable materials. The emphasis in this volume is experimental with some supporting theoretical discussion.

Volume 8 is devoted to the coordination chemistry of metal ions that are involved in biological processes. Throughout this volume, relevant biochemical issues are discussed, but the focus is primarily on structure, function, and properties of the metal centers in biomolecules. Relevant synthetic models and/or functional mimics are included, but the majority of complexes prepared as potential models are discussed in Volumes 2–6.

Volume 9 is concerned with actual and potential applications of metal coordination complexes. Major developments since the 1980s in the uses of coordination compounds have occurred in catalysis and medicine. There have been important developments of coordination chemistry in the technology of dyes and optical materials, for solar energy harvesting, for hydrometallurgical extraction, and in providing MOCVD precursors for new electronic materials. As mentioned above, the last volume in the series contains the indexes.

As mentioned at the start of this post I am going give you the resource links to these volume. Remember these links are for educational purpose only.

Handbook Of Hydroxyacetophenones Set: Preparation And Physical Properties

Madjackfrost — Sat, 26 Sep 2009 01:32:00 +0000

Acylphenols are used as starting material for an extremely large number of syntheses in organic chemistry, leading to a wide range of applications. For this reason, it seemed interesting to bring up to date the first dictionary, entitled Handbook of Hydroxyacetophenones, published in 1997.

All the ketones appearing in this first dictionary will also be included in the enlarged second edition entitled above. Some texts have been revised as the new informations show some interest.

On top of this a large number of homologous ketones has been introduced. However, this new (2004) version is not only an update of the former data, but 11 other ketone families have been added. The new dictionary covers about 3000 hydroxyacetophenones, methodically classified usually under the official nomenclature of ‘Ethanones’ according to the International System (IUPAC) and the recommendations given in the Chemical Abstracts ‘Collective Index’ (CI) since 1972. About 3500 bibliographic references are compiled in this book. Names of periodicals are abbreviated according to the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI). Whenever hydroxyacetophenones can be obtained from plants, sources and corresponding references are given.

For each compound described, the different protocols of synthesis are presented as well as the main physicochemical characteristics and references of spectroscopic data. Besides, the usual abbreviations are also indicated at the end of this dictionary. For precise and quick location of an hydroxyacetophenone, you can refer either to the classification by molecular formula (Molecular Formula Index) or to the Chemical Abstracts Registry Numbers table. A Usual Names Index including the current names of some hydroxyacetophenones and their precursors is also available. Finally, a glance through any chapter of this Dictionary will inform the reader on the diverse ways of synthesizing hydroxyacetophenones. These methods can also be used to obtain hitherto unknown analogs in the related series.

Principles and Applications of Asymmetric Synthesis

Madjackfrost — Fri, 24 Apr 2009 21:43:00 +0000

Asymmetric synthesis remains a challenge to practicing scientists as the need for enantiomerically pure or enriched compounds continues to increase. Over the last decade, a large amount of literature has been published in this field. Principles and Applications of Asymmetric Synthesis consolidates and evaluates the most useful methodologies into a one-volume resource for the convenience of practicing scientists and students.

Authored by internationally renowned scientists in the field, this reliable reference covers more than 450 reactions and includes important stoichiometric as well as catalytic asymmetric reactions. The first chapter reviews the basic principles, common nomenclature, and analytical methods, and the remainder of the book is organized according to reaction type. The text examines such topics as:

Carbon-carbon bond formations involving carbonyls, enamines, imines, and enolates
Asymmetric C-O bond formations including epoxidation, dihydroxylation, and aminohydroxylation
Asymmetric synthesis using the Diels-Alder reaction and other cyclizations
Applications to the total synthesis of natural products
Use of enzymes in asymmetric synthesis

Practicing chemists in the pharmaceutical, fine chemical, and agricultural professions as well as graduate students will find that Principles and Applications of Asymmetric Synthesis affords comprehensive and current coverage.

Diazo Chemistry, Vol. 1, Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compound

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 22:10:00 +0000

A critical, well-referenced and eminently readable introduction to the chemistry of aromatic and heteroaromatic diazo compounds. Highly valuable reference for synthetic organic chemists, industrial chemists and color chemists. DLC: Aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds.

Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 22:04:00 +0000

This long-awaited, greatly-expanded new edition of a best-selling guide offers an encyclopedic and systematic collection of useful synthetic methodology, including tens of thousands of reactions and synthetic transformations. The first edition has been reviewed in the professional journals as “clearly…the first choice for researchers seeking information on synthetic transformations.” And as “useful to anyone who must do organic synthesis, especially those whose focus is not strictly organic chemistry. It provides a…clear road map to the synthetic literature and should be kept within easy reach of the chemist’s desk.

CRC Handbook of Tables for Organic Compound Identification

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 22:04:00 +0000

Citation Information

Handbook Tables For Organic Compound Identification, Third Edition

Zvi Rappoport

CRC Press 1966

Print ISBN: 978-0-8493-0303-6

eBook ISBN: 978-1-4398-3298-1

DOI: 10.1201/9781439832981.fmatt

Buy Now

Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds II: A Critical Review

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 21:48:00 +0000

Provides complete coverage of the chemistry of organic fluorine compounds. Topics include fluorinating agents, fluorination processes, reactions of fluorinated compounds, modern analytical methods, and properties and applications of fluorinated compounds. Offers a critical review of the literature and provides over 4,500 references. Updates the 1976 volume Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds.

The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Volume 7

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 16:44:00 +0000

The classic reference on the synthesis of medicinal agents –now completely updated

The seventh volume in the definitive series that provides a quick yet thorough overview of the synthetic routes used to access specific classesof therapeutic agents, this volume covers approximately 220 new non-proprietary drug entities introduced since the publication of Volume 6.Many of these compounds represent novel structural types firstidentified by sophisticated new cell-based assays. Specifically, a significant number of new antineoplastic and antiviral agents are covered.

As in the previous volumes, materials are organized by chemical class and syntheses originate with available starting materials. Organized to make the information accessible, this resource covers disease state, rationale for method of drug therapy, and the biological activities of each compound and preparation. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Volume 7 is a hands-on reference for medicinal and organic chemists, and a great resource for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in organic and medicinal chemistry.

The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Volume 4

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 16:28:00 +0000

Table of Contents:

Aliphatic and Alicyclic Compounds.

Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Their Reduction Products.

Steroids.

Five-Membered Ring Heterocycles.

Six-Membered Ring Heterocycles.

Five-Membered Ring Benzofused Heterocycles.

Six-Membered Ring Benzofused Heterocycles.

Bicyclic Fused Heterocycles.

beta-Lactam Antibiotics.

Miscellaneous Heterocycles.

Indexes.

The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Voluem 3

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 16:25:00 +0000

Table of Contents:

Alicyclic and Cyclic Compounds.

Phenethyl and Phenoxypropanolamines.

Arylaliphatic Compounds.

Monocyclic Aromatic Agents.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds.

Steroids.

Compounds Related to Morphine.

Five-Membered Heterocycles.

Six-Membered Heterocycles.

Five-Membered Heterocycles Fused to Benzene.

Benzofused Six-Membered Heterocycles.

Beta Lactams.

Miscellaneous Fused Heterocycles.

Indexes.

The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Volume 2

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 16:20:00 +0000

Table of contents:

Monocyclic and Acyclic Aliphatic Compounds.

Derivatives of Benzyl and Benzhydryl Alcohols and Amines.

Phenylethyl and Phenylpropylamines.

Arylalkanoic Acids and Their Derivatives.

Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds.

Steroids.

Polycyclic Aromatic and Hydro-aromatic Compounds.

Five-Membered Heterocycles.

Six-Membered Heterocycles.

Morphinoids.

Five-Membered Heterocycles Fused to One Benzene Ring.

Six-Membered Heterocycles Fused to One Benzene Ring.

Benzodiazepines.

Heterocycles Fused to Two Benzene Rings.

beta-Lactam Antibiotics.

Miscellaneous Fused Heterocycles.

Indexes.

Errata for Volume 1 of Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis.

Organic Chemistry Of Drug Synthesis, Volume 1

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 01:46:00 +0000

The classic reference on the synthesis of medicinal agents —now completely updated

Practical Methods Of Organic Chemistry

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 01:37:00 +0000

Visit : http://www.archive.org/details/methodspractical00gattrich

Titanium And Zirconium In Organic Synthesis

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 01:29:00 +0000

During the last years, the role of titanium and zirconium in organic synthesis has dramatically increased and nowadays, no synthetic chemist can afford to be without a sound knowledge of this fascinating organo-metal chemistry.

This unique book, edited by Ilan Marek, thus summarizes the numerous applications and developments of these two group 4 early transition metal complexes.

A plethora of internationally renowned experts and leading scientists in this field cover all the
significant aspects of this increasingly important part of organic chemistry and bring the reader up to date.

A particularly attractive and useful feature is the inclusion of typical experimental procedures, chosen for broad utility and application.

This comprehensive demonstrates the diversity and the applications of these important compounds and is a must-have for all chemists working in organometallic or synthetic organic chemistry.

Vogels Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry 5th Edition

Madjackfrost — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 01:21:00 +0000

Most widely used, established and respected reference manual for the organic chemistry laboratory. Incorporates new reactions and techniques now available to the organic chemist.

Features:

Complete, comprehensive coverage of the subject in one volume.

This edition includes additional material on the structural and theoretical principles required when designing a synthesis.
Includes recent developments in reaction techniques.
Disconnection or synthon approach now integrated into the text.
Over 100 new experiments illustrate the use of modern reagents and techniques and the operation of protection, selectivity and control in synthesis.
More detailed treatment of carbon -13 NMR spectroscopy and the interpretation of spectroscopic data for many of the synthesized compounds.

Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition – Part B: Reaction and Synthesis

Madjackfrost — Mon, 09 Mar 2009 16:07:00 +0000

The control of reactivity to achieve specific syntheses is one of the overarching goals of organic chemistry. In the decade since the publication of the third edition, major advances have been made in the development of efficient new methods, particularly catalytic processes, and in means for control of reaction stereochemistry.This volume assumes a level of familiarity with structural and mechanistic concepts comparable to that in the companion volume, Part A, Structures and Mechanisms. Together, the two volumes are intended to provide the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate student in chemistry with a sufficient foundation to comprehend and use the research literature in organic chemistry.